Females mate an average of 3.1 times while the males have a mating average of 10.3. Spodoptera litura Fabricius 1775 Observed by Saumen pal at 104A Raja, Raja Subodh Chandra Mallick Rd, Garia Park Rd, Garia Park, Baishnabghata, Garia, Kolkata, West … In this study, both eggs and larvae were susceptible, and the mortality rate ranged from 50% to 100% depending on the stage of the larvae. Spodoptera litura. The Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775) is Permitted - s11 for the whole of state and is not assigned to any control category for a local government area at this time. It was found that spraying a solution of this fungus on larvae in a laboratory setting has led to effective control of the late second and early third instar stages of the larvae on castor crops. S. litura is a serious polyphagous pest in Asia, Oceania, and the Indian subcontinent that was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775. Biosecurity and agriculture management homepage, Biosecurity and Agriculture Management Act, Western Australia's agriculture and food sector, Casual, short-term employment and work experience. In S. littoralis, the ductus and ostium bursae are the same lengths while in S. litura, they are of different lengths. From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. (Download Help) Spodoptera litura TSN 941218. They may be subject to an import permit if they are potential carriers of high-risk organisms. Spodoptera litura, otherwise known as the tobacco cutworm or cotton leafworm, is a nocturnal moth in the family Noctuidae. (1) Gilligan, T.M., and Passoa. Summary Nomenclature Taxon Concepts Subordinates Vernacular Applications Feedback. During the day, they can usually be found in the soil around the plant. [1] This night marks the maximum activity. Both S. litura and S. littoralis share the same 11 components that make up their pheromones (in different amounts), with Z9,E11–14:Ac acting as the major component. Spodoptera litura, otherwise known as the tobacco cutworm or cotton leafworm, is a nocturnal moth in the family Noctuidae. Antifeedant activity of leaf extracts against Spodoptera litura Fabricius 1775 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) highlighting the mechanism of action Subramanian Arivoli α & Samuel Tennyson σ _____ ABSTRACT. The identity of these predators vary depending on the region being studied. [1] Its common names reference two of the most frequent host plants of the moth. littoralis. [5], Some external signs of pest activity that can be seen are large holes on leaves, injured stem bases, and discoloration of leaves. [8] The only way to properly differentiate between the two is by inspecting their genitalia. The tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a polyphagous pest of many important crops. A successful mating that resulted in fertilized eggs led to an even longer break from sexual receptivity. Taxonomy and Nomenclature. This pattern is thought to coincide with male flight patterns, which would maximize responsiveness to the pheromone signals being sent. [1], In sexually reproductive animals, recognition and attraction of potential mates can occur in the form of pheromones. [3] Another figure shows that S. litura can decrease tobacco yield by 23-50%. However, adult moths can fly up to a distance of 1.5 km for a total duration of 4 hours. [2] When laid, the egg batches are covered with hair scales provided by the female, which gives off a golden brown color. Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775) NZOR Identifier: d534ddae-f982-41c5-be22-3569ac043c03. Free and Open Access to Biodiversity Data. 0. Spodoptera litura Fabricius, 1775. During copulation, males transfer a mean of 1,052,640 sperm per mating. Kingdom: Animalia. [5], S. litura is a general herbivore and takes residence on various plants. [11] The second night, however, accounts for about 70% of the matings. [6] The countries with the most widespread population of S. litura include but are not limited to China, Indonesia, India, Japan, and Malaysia. Taxonomic Rank: Spodoptera picta Acknowledgements :- Ms. Mira Farzana Binti Mohamad Mokhtar, Mrs. Nur Hazwanie Binti Abd Halim & Ms. Nurfadzilah Bt Azmi Citation :- Spodoptera litura . [11] Eggs during mating are laid in a cluster covered with hair from the female's abdomen. There are also 36 species of insects and 12 species of spiders that are known to be natural predators to the moths. Subject. [2] The range of S. litura has also extended into non-indigenous regions through international trade. [11], There is no mating activity on the first night that the moth emerges. [14], The circadian rhythm also affects pheromone release. Genetic code: Translation table 1 (Standard) Mitochondrial genetic code: Translation table 5 (Invertebrate Mitochondrial) Lineage ( full ) cellular organisms; Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Metazoa; Eumetazoa; Bilateria; Protostomia; Ecdysozoa; Panarthropoda; Arthropoda; Mandibulata; Pancrustacea; Hexapoda; … Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775) Cluster Caterpillar (one synonym: Prodenia tasmanica Guenée, 1852) ACRONICTINAE, NOCTUIDAE, NOCTUOIDEA Don Herbison-Evans (donherbisonevans@outlook.com) and … The pupa is typically 15–20 mm long, and its color is red-brown. Younger larvae tend to be a lighter green while older ones develop to a dark green or brown color. The forewings are patterned with dark gray, red, and brown colors. Rank: species. Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development's Agriculture and Food division is committed to growing and protecting WA's agriculture and food sector. [6], Adult moths are on average 15–20 mm long and have a total wingspan of 30–38 mm. This can cause major economic strain since 36 million people are directly or indirectly involved in the production, sale, marketing, or transport of the tobacco crop. One of these effects include suppressing female receptivity to future matings by reducing their sexual receptivity or sexual attractiveness. Name. [5], There are slight but obvious differences in morphology between males and females of S. litura that allow for the easy differentiation of the two sexes. Some common host plants include but are not limited to: tobacco, cotton, soybean, beet, cabbage, and chickpeas. Each generation lasts about a month, but temperature causes slight variations: life cycles in the winter tend to be slightly more than one month, and life cycles in the summer tend to be less than a full month. Noctua litura Fabricius, 1775. This helps disperse the moths into new habitats and onto different host plants as food sources are depleted. This is because pheromones are released during female calling. Its common names reference two of the most frequent host plants of the moth. Spodoptera litura; Phân loại khoa học; Giới (regnum) Animalia: Ngành (phylum) Arthropoda: Lớp (class) Insecta: Bộ (ordo) Lepidoptera: Họ (familia) Noctuidae: Chi (genus) Spodoptera: Loài (species) S. litura: Danh pháp hai phần; Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775) Danh pháp đồng nghĩa Therefore, recent research studies have focused on other biological ways to effectively control these pests. S. litura is a serious polyphagous pest in Asia, Oceania, and the Indian subcontinent that was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775. In fact, these two species are so similar that previous records that have claimed the presence of S. litura in areas such as Russia, Germany, and the UK may actually have been referring to S. Smith, 1797) Since S. litura is nocturnal, the larvae feed at night. These two species are hard to discriminate between because the larvae and adult forms are identical. [9] However, its natural range extends from the Oriental and Australasian areas to parts of the Palearctic region as well. Asian Cotton Leaf Worm. S. litura is a serious polyphagous pest in Asia, Oceania, and the Indian subcontinent that was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775. Spodoptera litura, otherwise known as the tobacco cutworm or cotton leafworm, is a nocturnal moth in the family Noctuidae. [10] The lower and upper limits of habitable temperatures are 10 °C and 37 °C, respectively. [1], Male accessory glands (MAGs) are a reproductive evolutionary strategy adopted by males to gain higher fertilization. [13], There is an inverse relationship between pheromone concentration within the bodies of females and the calling behavior of a female. Males usually go out to find females during mating season, so the lipid deposits are thought to be energy reserves that will help the males in preparation for the migration. ID: 276184. (Fabricius, 1775) kingdom Animalia - animals » phylum Arthropoda - arthropods » class Insecta - insects » order Lepidoptera - butterflies and moths » family Noctuidae - owlet moths » genus Spodoptera - Armyworms. Newly hatched larvae can be found by looking for scratch marks on leaf surfaces. Previous experiments have already shown that mating reduces the lifespan of female S. litura. [5], Eggs are spherical and slightly flattened. [8] Because S. litura acts as a pest on many different kinds of agricultural crops, its presence can cause economic losses in regions where these crops are cultivated. [5] A characteristic feature is the presence of two small spines at the tip of the abdomen that are about 0.5 mm long each. [5] The mean female longevity is 8.3 days while for males it is 10.4 days. [15], S. litura has over 112 host species belonging to over 40 plant families, making the species highly polyphagous. [1], Mating also has an effect on stimulating egg production and ovulation. S. litura is often confused with its close relative, Spodoptera littoralis. Males, on the other hand, were more efficient at depositing lipid from ingested carbohydrates. The hindwings are grayish-white with a gray outline. Therefore, there is an evolutionary benefit to recognizing and mating with a mate of the same species. Experiments have shown that females exposed to MAGs do not engage in mating call behavior the night they are exposed to the secretion. This phenomenon may also be a result of the mechanical stimulation of male genitalia during copulation. With high dispersal capability, this pest has often generated high levels of agricultural losses. Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Several studies have pointed out that the female lifespan decreases after mating. has attained S. litura a major pest status on agricultural crops such as cotton, Pupae especially can be moved long distances, provided that they are not crushed, because of the relatively long pupation period. However, studies have shown that MAG secretions are necessary for the maximum stimulation of the eggs. These include different species of parasites that specifically target either the egg, larval, or pupal stage. Its prey locating behavior is activated when exposed to two chemical compounds released by S. litura larvae. [14], Heterospecific matings can be expected for phylogenetically closely related species with adjacent distribution, as is the case for S. litura and S. littoralis. [7], Spodoptera litura and Spodoptera littoralis are very closely related species. It has also been shown that females lay significantly more eggs after a conspecific mating rather than after a heterospecific mating. The species parasitize the plants through the larvae vigorous eating patterns, oftentimes leaving the leaves completely destroyed. 2014. The significant impact on agriculture S. litura can have as pests has earned the species a spot on the quarantine list for many countries including the United States of America. [3] Their potential impact on the many different cultivated crops, and subsequently the local agricultural economy, has led to serious efforts to control the pests. The moth's effects are quite disastrous, destroying economically important agricultural crops and decreasing yield in some plants completely. [6], Regulation of macro nutrient input differs between males and females. MAGs contain many different kinds of molecules including carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. This acts as a protective layer from parasites predating on eggs. Egg masses are 4–7 mm in total diameter, and eggs will hatch 2–3 days after being laid. Moths in their egg, larvae, or pupae stages can be present in the soil, flower, or vegetation that are being transported across various regions. [5] For example, in Karnataka, a granulosis virus was found in dead S. litura larvae. Spodoptera litura Fabricius, 1775 Accepted Name. ... moth caterpillar -- Spodoptera litura (3804075966).jpg 2,048 × 1,536; 1.44 MB [5] Since both species are polyphagous, taking note of the host plant is not helpful in correct identification. Male forewing length is 14–17 mm while female forewing length is slightly larger and measures 15–18 mm. 42; EU annex I/A1 Name: Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Taxonomy. [5] However, experiments have shown that high temperatures and low humidity are inversely related to fecundity. Females have a typical fecundity of 2000 to 2600 eggs. [4] A current study of controlling this pest focuses on using the fungus Nomuraea rileyi on the larval stage of this moth. Animalia > Arthropoda > Insecta > Lepidoptera > Noctuoidea > Noctuidae > Spodoptera > Spodoptera litura Fabricius, 1775. UKMoths is built, run and maintained by Ian Kimber, with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information. Inspecting the genitalia is the most certain way to tell the two species apart. The most commonly reported viruses are nuclear polyhedrosis viruses and granulosis viruses. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Message The user has shared this species from India Biodiversity Portal with you. There are six instar stages, and by the last stage, the final instar can weigh up to 800 mg.[5], Pupation lasts around 7 to 10 days and takes place on the soil near the base of the plant. Their potential impact on the many different cultivated crops, and subsequently the local agricultural economy, has led to serious efforts to control the pests. Discriminating between the two species can be difficult because the larvae and adult forms look identical. [8], Due to its presence in many important crops in agriculture, pesticides are always being applied on the species throughout the year. The older larvae were killed more rapidly than the younger larvae. Prodenia litura (Fabricius, 1775) Homonyms. S. litura is a serious polyphagous pest in Asia, Oceania, and the Indian subcontinent that was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775. Contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose. Overlap in pheromone composition as discussed above also contributes to the lack of total reproductive isolation between the two species. Our previous studies on the tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775) showed that mating usually results in marked changes in female behaviour and determined that factors from male accessory gland (MAG) secretions play a key role in such switches in females after mating. [1] Its common names reference two of the most frequent host plants of the moth. Lepidoptera Mundi species detail page: Noctuidae, Xyleninae, Prodeniini, Spodoptera litura Australia Thumbnails view Images view List view Tree view Protected species … When MAGs are transferred from the male to the female during copulation, it exerts a wide range of effects on female post-mating behavior. As a result of fluctuation, insect can shorten or elongate their life cycle. Permitted organisms must satisfy any applicable import requirements when imported. [3] When the host plant in a particular area is depleted, big groups of larvae will migrate to find a new food source. File:Oriental Leafworm Moth, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775).jpg. These reproductive activities include calling, courtship, mating, and oviposition. [5], There are many ways the predators can locate its prey. Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775), a polyphagous defoliator with broad host spectrum, causes significant damage to agriculturally important crops. It is important to note that this result is different from previous studies on other insect species. This has caused the rapid evolution of pesticide and insecticide resistance in S. The moth's effects are quite disastrous, destroying economically important agricultural crops and decreasing yield in some plants completely. class Insecta → subclass Pterygota → infraclass Neoptera → superorder Holometabola → order Lepidoptera → superfamily Noctuoidea → family Noctuidae → subfamily Noctuinae → tribe Prodeniini → genus Spodoptera → species Spodoptera litura. For example, S. litura has been responsible for the 71% yield loss of groundnut in the southern states of India. Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775)Taxonomic Serial No. These eggs are laid on the surface of leaves in big batches, with each cluster usually containing several hundred eggs. Siianjiyan, Jingmei, Taipei City, Taiwan 斜紋夜蛾 Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775) Tribe Prodeniini Frobes, 1954 Subfamily Xyleninae Guenee, 1837 木夜蛾亞科 Famikly Noctuidae 夜蛾科 Common names. Follow. The host range covers over 44 families. Therefore, it is well suited for tropical and temperate climate regions. Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775). Share. Asian Cotton Leafworm in English. [2] The species parasitize the plants through the larvae vigorous eating patterns, oftentimes leaving the leaves completely destroyed. Name: Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775) Synonyms (including former names): Prodenia litura Fabricius Taxonomic position: Insecta, Lepidoptera, Noctuidae EPPO code: PRODLI Phytosanitary categorization: EPPO A1 no. [5] As caterpillars, S. litura can only move short distances. Its common names reference two of the most frequent host plants of the moth. To. [13], So far there are a reported 131 species of natural enemies that prey on S. litura at different points in their life cycle. Each individual egg is around 0.6 mm in diameter with an orange-brown or pink color. File; File history; File usage on Commons; Metadata; Size of this preview: 441 × 600 pixels. Its common names reference two of the most frequent host plants of the moth. Contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose. Females were very efficient at converting the protein consumed into body growth and mass, reflecting the bodily requirements to produce eggs. The stink bug Eocanthecona furcellata is a predator that uses these types of chemical signals to locate and attain prey. The orbicular spot on the forewing is also more pronounced in the males. In total, 87 species of host plants that are infested by S. litura are of economic importance. [4], S. litura is often confused with its close relative, Spodoptera littoralis. About UKMoths. [9] S. litura cause severe damage to their hosts by their vicious eating habits as larvae. With calling suppressed, pheromone concentration builds up in the body of mated females. The body is a gray-brown color. Media in category "Spodoptera litura" The following 31 files are in this category, out of 31 total. It has been found that higher amounts of pheromones are released during scotophase (dark period) and that lower levels are released during photophase (light period). These two species are hard to discriminate between because the larvae and adult forms are identical. [12] Since S. litura is a nocturnal moth, all reproductive activities occur during the scotophase (dark phase). The reasons for this are still not fully known. This fits in well with the migration patterns associated with mating. In total, 87 species of host plants that are infested by S. litura are of economic importance. This moth is found in Asia, with some specific problematic pest population reports occurring in Cambodia, Hong Kong, India, the Pacific islands, Guam, American Samoa, and Hawaii. Body utilization of the macro nutrients differed as well. Influence of abiotic factors was studied on Spodoptera litura Fabricius, 1775 by decreasing temperature & humidity from the optimum conditions (27±2°C Temp & 70±5 % RH). current name. Spodoptera litura is also known as the Oriental leafworm moth, Cluster caterpillar, Cotton leafworm, Tobacco cutworm, Tropical armyworm, Taro caterpillar, Tobacco budworm, Rice cutworm, and Cotton Cutworm. Additionally, infections from fungi and viruses have been observed. When tested in the field, there was a very high larvae mortality of 88-97% 19 days after application of the fungal solution.[16]. [13] In moth species, pheromones are produced by the females by pheromone glands and are released to attract males of their own species. Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775), to MV light, Aranda, ACT, 4/5 January 2011 Inspecting the genitalia is the most certain way to tell the two species apart. Experimental results show that when S. litura are presented with two nutritionally complementary diet options, one rich in protein and a second rich in carbohydrates, females tend to consume more protein than males while no differences in carbohydrates exist. Therefore, there is a strong selection for correct mate recognition signals that maximize reproductive fitness. In males, the juxta have characteristic shapes for each species. [5], Although the length of a life cycle varies slightly throughout the different regions, a typical S. litura will complete 12 generations every year. 990655.00 – 19655 – Spodoptera litura – Oriental Leafworm Moth – (Fabricius, 1775) Photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. 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